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| commander2 = Lieutenant C.J van Westenbrugge 22px Colonel W.A. van Heuven | commander3 = | units1 = | units2 = | units3 = | strength1 = 13,000 Soldiers 7000 Paratroopers 4500 Marines 3000 Soviet Navy 30 Soviet Air Forces | strength2 = 10,000 Soldiers 1400 Marines 200 Papuan Volunteer Corps | strength3 = | casualties1 = 400 dead (approximately) 73 wounded | casualties2 = 126 dead | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }} Operation Trikora was an combined Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of Netherlands New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands agreed on 15 August 1962 to hand over Western New Guinea to the United Nations. == Background == When the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia in December 1949, the Dutch retained sovereignty over western New Guinea, and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. The Dutch and West Papuan leaders argued that the territory did not belong to Indonesia because the West Papuans were ethnically and geographically different from Indonesians, had always been administrated separately, and that the West Papuans did not want to be under Indonesian control.〔Ron Crocombe, 282〕 After its independence until 1961, Indonesia attempted to gain control of Western New Guinea through the United Nations without success. Since the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian nationalists had always regarded Western New Guinea as an intrinsic part of the Indonesian state.〔Audrey and George McTurnan Kahin, p. 45〕 They also contended that Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) belonged to Indonesia and was being illegally occupied by the Dutch. Since 1954, Indonesia had been launching military raids into Western New Guinea. Following the failure of negotiations at the United Nations, Sukarno escalated pressure on the Netherlands by nationalizing Dutch-owned businesses and estates, and repatriating Dutch nationals. These tensions between Indonesia and the Netherlands led to a sharp reduction in trade between the two countries. Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomats in Indonesia, Indonesia formally severed ties with the Netherlands on August 1960. Indonesia also increased its military pressure on the Dutch New Guinea by purchasing weapons from the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Over the following years, the Sukarno government would become dependent on Soviet military support.〔J.D. Legge, 402〕 On 19 December 1961, Indonesia's President Sukarno decreed the establishment of the People's Triple Command or ''Tri Komando Rakyat'' (Trikora) in order to annex West Irian by 1 January 1963. Trikora's operational command was to be called the Mandala Command for the Liberation of West Irian (''Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat'') with Major-General Suharto, the future President of Indonesia, serving as its commander. In preparation for the planned invasion, the Mandala command began making land, air, and sea incursions into West Irian.〔〔Bilveer Singh, ''West Irian and the Suharto Presidency'', p.86〕 As a result, Indonesia embarked on a policy of confrontation against the Dutch over control of Western New Guinea.〔 Sukarno also embarked on a policy of "progressive mobilization" to prepare the nation to carry out his commands.〔Soedjati Djiwandono, p. 131〕 While the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia sided with the Netherlands' claims to Western New Guinea and were opposed to Indonesian expansionism, they were unwilling to commit military support to the Dutch. The Dutch were unable to find sufficient international support for its New Guinea policy. By contrast, Sukarno was able to muster the support of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, and the Non-Aligned Movement. In response to Indonesian claims, the Dutch were forced to speed up the process of preparing the West Papuans for self-rule from 1959. These measures included the establishment of a legislative New Guinea Council in 1960, hospitals, a shipyard in Manokwari, agricultural research sites, plantations, and the creation of the Papuan Volunteer Corps to defend the territory.〔Wies Platje, 297-299〕〔J.D. Legge, 403〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Trikora」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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